Even as Tunisians celebrate the fall of totalitarianism after 23 years, for many there is a shadow looming over their new-found freedom – the apprehension of rising religious fundamentalism and its effect on human rights.

This weekend saw the first Friday prayers in Tunis since the fall of President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali. Outside some of the mosques were groups of men espousing conservative Islam, distributing leaflets warning against unbelievers.

With prime minister Mohamed Ghann­ouchi promising to quit politics after fresh elections, citizens are pleased at the prospect of a government with "clean hands" but are unsure whose hands they will be.

The Ben Ali regime presented itself as a bulwark against terrorism, making Muslim fundamentalists the target of its draconian laws. But now the religious parties say they should be allowed to play a part in the new political landscape.

Ennahda, or 'Awakening', an Islamist movement, was banned under Ben Ali and its leader, Rachid Ghannouchi (unrelated to the current PM), exiled in London. Now, as its members protest daily in Tunis, the party is seeking to be legalised.

Hamida Raidi, who was involved in a heated debate during a march after speaking out against political Islam, said: "We don't want to exchange one repressive government for another. We have seen what Islamist parties do when they start influencing politics. This will be bad for Tunisia and especially bad for women."

Hamid Jebali, a senior Ennahda official, blames a variety of people, from secularists with agendas in Tunisia to the Western media, for presenting a false image of Islamists.

"It is the newspapers and television in Europe and America who are trying to frighten people by saying that 'the Islamists are rising'," he said. "But we are not the Taliban, or al-Qaeda or Ahmadinejad. We shall submit to the vote of the people when the time comes."

Ennahda believes political momentum is on its side. Rachid Ghannouchi said he will return to his homeland, after two decades, at the opportune moment while the movement's deputy leader, Ali Laraidh, has held talks with the prime minister about being part of a government of national unity.

"To do that, we need to have our party legalised," said Laraidh, who was imprisoned for 14 years for "plotting against the state".

The belief that Islam should play a part in shaping the new political landscape has some unexpected adherents in Tunisian society. Sahar Ben Younis (20), a student in jeans and a T-shirt, said: "We are not saying that there should be things like burkas here. But Ben Ali put a lot of people who held the true values of Islam in prison and we need people like them in politics."

However, Samir al-Taibi, a member of the opposition PDP party and a trade union activist, urged caution: "Ennahda say they are not extremist, they say they believe in democracy and tolerance. Well, let us seen their manifesto, let us see how they will react if someone criticises fundamentalist Islam. We would also like to see their positions on armed struggle and Islam. There are a lot of questions to be answered."

Those espousing armed struggle have urged Tunisians not to be "seduced by democracy". Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb said last week: "This is the time to go to training camps and wage the decisive battle against the Jews, the Crusaders and their agents."